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Nature, not aid?

La nature plutôt que des aides ?
¿La naturaleza en lugar de la ayuda?
Julia Marton-Lefèvre

Résumés

La nature est une source de solutions aux nombreux défis urgents auxquels doit faire face le monde en matière de développement, de la sécurité alimentaire au changement climatique. Les preuves sont chaque jour de plus en plus nombreuses et les chiffres sont aujourd’hui incontestables ; ils montrent que nos sociétés sont étroitement dépendantes de la nature et de ses ressources. Les acteurs du développement, à la fois les organisations internationales d’aide au développement et les gouvernements donateurs – et les organismes de conservation de la nature, n’ont toutefois pas réussi à trouver le dénominateur commun qui relie, de manière définitive et irréversible, la problématique environnementale à celle du développement de l’activité humaine. Dans un avenir immédiat, ces deux communautés vont devoir redoubler d’efforts pour sauver la nature et l’espèce humaine.

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Notes de l’auteur

“Trade not aid” has been a popular slogan in the development sector for decades. But has the time come to say “nature, not aid?” To combat poverty, we must invest in nature, declared IUCN Director General Julia Marton-Lefèvre at the conclusion of the international conference on poverty and the environment held in Paris in July 2011.

Texte intégral

1Nature is the vital foundation that makes life on our planet possible and indeed sustains it. Food, water, medicine, shelter, unpolluted air: all of these products and services – and many others on which life depends – come from nature. We all owe our survival to its countless benefits, and this is true especially in the case of poorer populations.

2However, the international development aid organizations and donor governments have largely overlooked the role of nature, turning instead to large-scale “development” programmes, to help countries out of poverty. Some of these programmes are environmentally damaging; in other cases, give counterproductive results.

3Nature conservationists have failed to persuade economists and development practitioners of the long-term importance of the environment for development. When asked to provide proof that nature makes a tangible contribution to human welfare, they have all too often found it difficult to make their case.

4But this is all changing.

5Recent research by IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) demonstrates that forests, for example, provide 130 billion dollars’ worth of direct and tangible benefits for 1.6 billion of the world’s poorest people –more than the total cumulative aid from donor countries!

6Meanwhile, a revolutionary study, TheEconomics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, shows that natural ecosystems such as wetlands, coral reefs and forests represent up to 89% of what has come to be called “the GDP of the poor”, namely the means of existence of poor populations. In Burkina Faso, for instance, an IUCN project backed by the French government has revealed that 80% of the incomes of poor households are linked to the protected forest of Nazinga.

7Some countries are starting to give the issue serious attention.

8Rwanda is a case in point, having recently launched a nationwide initiative to reverse – by 2035 – the current trend toward the degradation of its soil, water, land and forestry resources. IUCN has been closely associated with its implementation, and will continue to support the Rwandan government in making the environment a key driver in the country’s development.

9This approach requires a major change in the existing economic model, which gives primacy to GDP; in particular it calls for new tools for measuring the wealth and well-being of nations.

10A number of “megadiverse” countries such as India have already begun to lead the way: they are adapting their economies to be more respectful of the environment and to give greater recognition to the services of nature in their national accounts.

11It is not only enough to invest more in nature, we must also invest wisely. Development aid must be restructured to eliminate the long-standing discriminatory barriers that prevent equitable sharing of nature’s benefits, to uphold the rights of those who make the greatest contribution to preserving natural assets, and to support them in their task of managing those assets sustainably.

12When all of this is in place, the benefits – both for human populations and for nature– are greatly amplified. In Bangladesh, 1,200 families – once they had been given greater involvement and greater influence on local fisheries management – succeeded in obtaining a tenfold increase in the compensation paid by the government for the closed fishing season, thereby increasing family incomes and at the same time improving the sustainability of the resources.

13It is also time for us to look again at what we invest in. Local voluntary groups, small or medium-sized enterprises, and areas protected by local and indigenous communities are closer to the realities on the ground, and often have lower transaction costs and offer better returns on investment.

14Following the independence of Namibia, its government sought to ensure equal rights for local populations by officially registering the local community conservation areas. There are now 59 conservation areas covering almost 130,000 square km of unspoiled natural habitat, rich in wild species and employing some 800 full-time and 250 seasonal staff.

15Rare and threatened species, such as the black rhinoceros, are sometimes transferred to these sites from the national parks; a clear sign of the authorities’ confidence in the ability of local communities to manage natural resources. Ecologists from very different parts of the world – from the Mongolian steppes to the forests of Ghana and the Great Plains of North America – are now looking to Namibia, to identify good practices that can be applied in their own countries.

16In light of the current financial crisis, many governments are closely reexamining their budgets and priorities. However, the crisis is also an opportunity to rethink development aid.

17With “trade, not aid”, we ultimately recognized that both are necessary. The same applies to “nature, not aid” for sustainable development: we are realizing that nature can offer solutions for a number of urgent development issues, from food security to climate change.

18We have less than five years left to meet the global target set by the United Nations of halving the number of people who live in extreme poverty, and less than ten to fulfill another global objective: halting the loss of biological diversity. If we are to succeed, we must show even greater inventiveness, cooperation and determination to lead the way.

19The time has come to recognize nature for what it really is: a judicious investment and a vital opportunity to bring about a lasting reduction in poverty. The time has come for development and conservation actors to join forces and ensure that these objectives are fulfilled.

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Référence électronique

Julia Marton-Lefèvre, « Nature, not aid? »Field Actions Science Reports [En ligne], Special Issue 6 | 2012, mis en ligne le 26 juin 2012, consulté le 29 mars 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/1489

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Auteur

Julia Marton-Lefèvre

International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland, site: www.iucn.org

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Droits d’auteur

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Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.

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